Puzzle: Patty Paper Trisection

[Feature photo above by Michael Cory via Flickr (CC BY 2.0).]

One of the great unsolved problems of antiquity was to trisect any angle using only the basic tools of Euclidean geometry: an unmarked straight-edge and a compass. Like the alchemist’s dream of turning lead into gold, this proved to be an impossible task. If you want to trisect an angle, you have to “cheat.” A straight-edge and compass can’t do it. You have to use some sort of crutch, just as an alchemist would have to use a particle accelerator or something.

One “cheat” that works is to fold your paper. I will show you how it works, and your job is to show why.

Gather Your Materials

• A piece of paper with square corners. (I used patty paper.)
• A ruler or other straight-edge.
• A pen or pencil.

One Step at a Time

Draw any random angle (less than 90 degrees) with its baseline along the bottom of your paper and its vertex at the corner. Call the vertex point P.

Fold the paper horizontally, so that point P touches the side of the paper at some other point Q. Draw a line through Q, using the folded-up baseline as your guide. Unfold the paper, and draw another line along the fold. These lines are shown in red on my patty paper.

(Click the image for a larger view.)

• Can you prove that these two lines are parallel to the baseline of your paper?
• Can you show that they must be equally spaced?

Fold the paper (dotted blue line) so that point P touches the lower of the two parallel lines and point Q touches the top line of your original angle. These touchpoints are labeled P’ and Q’ on the diagram above. Mark point P’ on your paper.

Unfold the paper. Use your straight-edge to connect corner P with point P’. Also draw a line from corner P through the point where this fold meets the first fold. These two lines are marked in green in the image.

Your angle is now trisected. The last two lines you drew cut the original angle into 3 smaller angles, all equal.

Can You Prove It?

Folding paper is the easy part, but now your hard work begins.

• How can we know that this method trisects the angle?

Any mathematical proof starts with some set of given facts. Look again at the first patty paper image. What do you know for sure about those lines? Make a list! In order to write down what you know, you will have to give names to some of the points and lines in the drawing. Either print out the image and write on it, or make a sketch of your own.

Then look at the second image. Is there anything you know for sure about the new lines? How do you know it? Write down any facts you can think of, and be sure to include a reason for each fact.

Now concentrate on understanding what you are trying to prove. What exactly does it mean to trisect an angle? Can you write a mathematical statement or equation that means the same thing as, “This angle is trisected”? (You may need to label some more points or angles on your diagram.)

Finally, you need to find a way to get from the facts you are given to the statement you want to prove, and you need to show a valid reason for each step along the way. Think back to the things you learned in math class. What do you know about triangles? What do you know about parallel lines? Will any of those facts help you here?

If You Get Stumped

I am going to borrow an idea from Jonathan at JD2718: the “solutions” post. I will write a follow-up article with a few hints, and that will be the place to share your questions or proofs, if you wish. Comments here below are limited to general remarks that won’t spoil anyone else’s fun in working through the puzzle.

[Hat tip: Trisecting an Angle with Origami at Math Trek, via the Carnival of Mathematics.]